1
Easy2Siksha
GNDU  -2022
/ 5  

(   - I)
  : 3   :100
:     -     ,            
       
-
1.                   
          
2. -                
    
-
3.                    
                  
4. -               
      
2
Easy2Siksha
-
5.             
    
6. -              
         '  
-
7.                     
       
8.              -  -
                   
 
3
Easy2Siksha
GNDU  -2022
/ 5  

(   - I)
  : 3   :100
:     -     ,            
       
-
1.                   
          
s: ,        ,       
               ,
         
   
            
        , , ,     
,   -        
1.    :,       (6,650 ),   
               
 3.3      ,   , , 
    11            
:              '  ( 
 ) ,           ,
  '   ,    '       , 
       
2.    : ,        (4,700 ) 
        ,       
4
Easy2Siksha
        4     
      
         
 ,             

          ,      
     
3.     :   (4,180 )      ,
      -         -
     , ,        2.1
           ,  
    (  )      
    ,           
4.  :  (2,574 )       ,    
         ,       
           -   
 ,     ,         
           
5.   :,       - 
   
 ,       
    ,   '   ,   , 
  ,                 
      
          ,    ' ,
,    ,           
1.   :       ,   '   ( ,
    ,  ) ,         ,
               2,000  
         -   ,   
         
    
 
2.        (  ):       
,          ,   ,
             ( 
)                -
    500  1,500     ,      
      
5
Easy2Siksha
3.   - :        ,  
    ,  9        
      (  100   )    
         ,  40       
,       - 
,    
      -   
4.   :   ,     (, 
   )  , ,     ,    
             
  ,    400  800     
5.   :    ,    ,  , 

,          ,  1,000 
    6.5         
   ,         , 
       2,000     ,  
  
     
6.    : ,      -  ,
       - '      
  ',   1970  1980        
,            
,           
 ,              
        ,       
    
   '    
       '       
   ,              
  ,           
     ,         

,      ,          '    
      ,           
  ,                '
   ,   
        
  
   ',             ,
    -          
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Easy2Siksha
             
,   '     .
2. -               
    
: -         
-  ,         ,    
 , -            , 
               
  (  ),   ,      
      -    '      
    ,           :
1. -      
-     -  ,      
 ,               
 :
a 
    '      ,   ' ,  
              ,  
   
              
              
"  "   
. 
         ,   -  -
                , 
               '
       
c. 
 ,           - ,  
   ,              
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Easy2Siksha
     -  ,          
   
 
d. 
 -  ,            
               
             , 
           
. Entisols  Inceptisols
   -  -  ,       
   Entisols          ,  Inceptisols
    .             
         
2. -       
  -       ,     -  
            ,  
 , ,        ,     
         
 
-          ,     ' 
             - ,
  (  )           
         ,    '     
    ,         
 
                
           
    '      ,     
     
   
 ,   '  (  - ),   
         ,   - , 
               
           
  '       ,    ' 
   
 
 ,    ,         
  
          
 ,            
8
Easy2Siksha
   ,       
         
 
               
  ,           
        ,  ,  -
               
 ,        ,      
  ,             
  
 , 
          

 
                 
  ,         ,  

                
          
 ,   
     
  ,        (    )
           ,      

    
-            
  ,           
  ,   ,       
                
         ,       

3.      
    , -  -     
         :
a - 
-            -  
     
       ,    
  ,             
                 
 
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Easy2Siksha
.  
-  , ,        
              
           

               
       
c.  
 ,   '  -    ,  
              
               
             
d.     
  ,             
          '     
 ,    
.  
    ,      ,    
             
       ,          
          

-    ,     ,    
    
  ,  ,   
               ,
   , ,            
            ,       
 ,  ,           
             -
            
10
Easy2Siksha
-
3.                    
                  
:                
        
     
 , , ,       - , ,  
        ,    ,   '  
   
    
1. 
           ,   '  ,   
       '     ,     
       '        
     ,         
  
 
2. 
    ' ,        (DRC)  
   ,   ',            
                 
        
3.  
 ,         ,       
    DRC   '     ,     
    
 ,   '      
   
4.  
   (EVs)        ,  
            
  DRC    70%
        '        
 ,              

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5. 
         ,        
            ,  
        
6.
      ,    ,  
              ,  
       
7.    
 ,            (REEs)    
     ,     
              , REEs 
       
       
1.       
      ,         
          ,    
         ,   
      ,           
  
2.  
   ,         ,   
        
      
   ,  ,       
 ,               (
3.       
                
,    '           ,
      ,        
           
              (
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4.     
  ',        ,      
  ,     -         
    ,         
       
        
1.       
            ,    
  
    ,      7%
 
             
               
  
2.     
           , ,    ,
  -    ,       
              
  
3.    
              , 
,        ,    ,   
                 
      '      
4.   
           , 
  ,            
-              
           
5.     
            , 
 ',             
   (AfCFTA),  2021      ,  -    
                   
13
Easy2Siksha

      ,   ,    
            , ,  
               
   '   ,      , ,   
        ,       
  ,          
         -    
 
 
4. -               
      
:-       
   '       ,          
   - (   '       ) ,  
               
          ,    
     -        
  ,        ,      
1.   :          
                  
    ,            
 
  :            
,   " "        ,  , ,
             
          ,        
    2021 ,   7.3       
, 364     
      :      '    
   :         ,  
         , ,     
      ,  ,    '      , 
14
Easy2Siksha
              ,
      
 
 :   ,    (   )  
   ,   '   ,    
    
   :    ,    1.7  2.3   
    ,          70%   
-  ,         
  
2.  :          
       ,   '       
                
 :        ,     
           ,   
      ,       
    ,     '      


 :          ,     '
            
  ,         
   : 2021 ,    21.7     
   ,             
       40%  
3.                
   :
-             
             
   ,             , 
                  
    
                  
  ,     '          -  
       ,    
 ,     
     
15
Easy2Siksha
 :
           ,    
     ,        
        ,   '     
               
 
 ,       47      ,      
       ,  42    ,    
 
      
 
  :
           ,    
             ,    
     
 : ,          , 
   50%    ,  , ,    -
       ,        
 2021 ,    17.4       
      :        
             
          ,   
         
    :
  -            
                
 ,             
 ,  ,             ,
  '               
 ,    -       ,    '
      ,          
         
4.         
    :     ,   '     ,
               
              ,  
16
Easy2Siksha
,              '
   
    : -          
  
             ,
   ,     ,     
             
  :          
      ,  -  (....)
       '      ,
,         ,  ,  
         
 '    

-           ,  
              
    , ,        
          ,   
       ,         
    
-
5.             
    
: -       
   '       ,          
   - (   '       ) ,  
               
          ,    
     -        
  ,        ,      
17
Easy2Siksha
1.   :          
                  
    ,            
 
  :           
,   " "        ,  , ,
             
          ,        
    2021 ,   7.3       
, 364     
      :      '    
   :         ,  
         , ,     
      ,  ,    '      , 
              ,
      
 
 :   ,    (   )  
   ,   '   ,    
    
  :     ,    1.7  2.3   
    ,          70%   
-  ,         
  
2.  :          
       ,   '       
                
 :        ,     
           ,   
      ,       
    ,     '      


 :          ,     '
            
  ,         
18
Easy2Siksha
   : 2021 ,    21.7     
   ,             
       40%  
3.                
   :
-             
             
   ,             , 
                  
    
                  
  ,     '          -  
       ,    
 ,     
     
 :
           ,    
     ,        
        ,   '     
               
 
 ,       47      ,      
       ,  42    ,    
 
      
 
  :
           ,    
             ,    
     
 : ,          , 
   50%    ,  , ,    -
       ,        
 2021 ,    17.4       
      :         
             
          ,   
         
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    :
  -            
                
 ,             
 ,  ,             ,
  '               
 ,    -       ,    '
      ,          
         
4.         
    :     ,   '     ,
               
              ,  
,              '
   
     :-        
  
              
,    ,     ,    
             
  :          
      ,  -  (....)
       '      ,
,         ,  ,  
         
 '    

-           ,  
              
    , ,        
          ,   
       ,         
    
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6. -              
         '  
:-       
   '       ,          
   - (   '       ) ,  
               
          ,    
     -        
  ,        ,      
1.   :          
                  
    ,            
 
  :           
,   " "        ,  , ,
             
          ,        
    2021 ,   7.3       
, 364     
      :     '    
   :         ,  
         , ,     
      ,  ,    '      , 
            
 ,       
 
 :   ,    (   )  
   ,   '   ,    
    
   :    ,    1.7  2.3   
    ,          70%   
-  ,         
  
2. :      
       ,   '       
                
21
Easy2Siksha
 :        ,     
           ,   
      ,       
    ,     '      


 :          ,     '
            
  ,         
   :2021 ,    21.7     
   ,             
       40%  
3.              
   :
-             
             
   ,             , 
                  
    
                  
  ,     '          -  
       ,    
 ,     
     
 :
           ,    
     ,        
        ,   '     
               
 
 ,       47      ,      
       ,  42    ,    
 
      
 
  :
           ,    
             ,    
     
22
Easy2Siksha
 :  ,           
   50%    ,  , ,    -
       ,        
 2021 ,    17.4       
      :         
             
          ,   
         
    :
  -            
                
 ,             
 ,  ,             ,
  '               
 ,    -       ,    '
      ,          
         
4.         
  :     ,   '     ,
   
          
               , 
 ,            
 '    
    : -          
  
             ,
   ,     ,     
             
  :           
      ,  -  (....)
       '      ,
,         ,  ,  
         
 '    
23
Easy2Siksha

-           ,  
              
    , ,        
          ,   
       ,         
    
-
7.                     
       
:           
            , 
   ,  ,           
              
    '   ,        
(AfCFTA)      (RVCs)         
1.     
            ,   ,
        -19   - ,  
         ,     
 ,   2022  3.7%       , 
        ,       
    
  (
2.     
  ',     '  ,   ' ,    
    ,        
      2022 ,   -
          12%   
,     '         
-       ,       ,  
24
Easy2Siksha
        '        

 ,           
3. -    : AfCFTA  
      -  '   ,   
     (AfCFTA)    '     2021  
  , AfCFTA         90%  '  
       -    2022 , -  
18.6%   ,  US $193.17      (
    
       ' -  
 ,              
   , AfCFTA         
  '            
   ,             
    
4.    (RVCs)
               
()                
,                
 ,  ,         ,
     
 ,   '    
RVCs   -    '      
         ,      
          ,     
,             (
5.       
       '      ,   
        ,    -
         ,     
            ,    
      
             
  ,   '      ,    
  ,        
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6.        
         ,    
      ,   ,   
            ,   
              (
       (PIDA)     
             ,
               
    
7.   
  ,             
    - ,   '  ,      
                
 ,      ,  ,      
 (SMEs)           
,             25    
    60%   ,       
    ,            
-             

8.   :     
          ,    -  
       ,       
      '          :
AfCFTA   :AfCFTA         
-            
   -         
      :       
   '      
    :     
        ,     
       
       :     
    SMEs          
       (
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
        ,       
      AfCFTA  RVC      
          ,   '
       ,    ,    ,  
             
8.              -  -
                   
 
:-  SEZ   :      
   (SEZs)          
      ,     ,  , 
       , -  SEZ -    
 -             ,
 SEZ                
SEZ  ?
 SEZ    '             ,
               
       ,     ,
 ,           
-  SEZs   
  ', -  SEZs   1970    ,    
"   "    ,          
        ,      
      ,  1980        ,
     SEZ    , -     
 
   ,   SEZs         '
 ,         US     (FTZ)
27
Easy2Siksha
 , ,   ,       
    -       
 ,   '            
, SEZs          , 1980      1988
 -      (CUFTA)        
SEZ-     
1990  2000   
1990    -   SEZs         
  (NAFTA),   1994  ,       
,  SEZs            
      ,          
            (    
    )     SEZ   , 
  
        
1990  2000   , SEZ        
   -   , SEZs  - ,  ,
       ,   '    
  -            SEZs   
        
      
   SEZ  
21
 -  SEZs         
,      ,    , 
      ,      SEZs    

   ,          
   (FTZs)    , SEZs      
 2018 ,   260    FTZs ,     '   
   -    ,     
    ,  , ,     
   
 , SEZs    ,        
     "    "      
         ,   
   ,         
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     
       SEZs         
    ,        ,   ,
SEZ             
              
- SEZs         ,  
'    
 ,       SEZ        
       ,  ,     
   ,    " SEZs"        
  
   SEZs       
  
  
1. SEZ      :  ', SEZs   1990      900 
  2019  5,000    ,       
  ,   ', 2018  260  -  SEZs    
   (
2.  :    SEZ    '    '  ,
     , ,        
    -       
    
 
3.     :2019 , US  SEZs  400,000    ,
   ' -      SEZs     , 
       (FDI)     
 
   , -  SEZ      ,  
 :
        :,        SEZ
   ,   -    '   
   
 :             SEZs
-         ,   
        
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  :   SEZ      ,     
      ,       
,           -  SEZ  
,             

-  SEZs          
 ,    -, -      SEZs  
   ,   '  ,       -
   SEZs '       ,  ,  
          SEZ    
SEZs             , 
  ,       
 
:       Ai      ( )       
        , 
  '         